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How does Mandela describe the systems of government in his country
(i) in the first decade, and
(ii) in the final decade, of the twentieth century?


(i) In the first decade, the white-skinned people of South Africa practised racism that gave rise to a system of racial domination against the dark-skinned people living there. The system formed the basis of one of the harshest, most inhumane societies the world had ever known.

(ii) In the last decade of the twentieth century, the previous system had been overturned forever and replaced by one that recognized the rights and freedoms of all peoples, regardless of the colour of their skin.
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Why were two national anthems sung?


To symbolize the equality of blacks and whites, two national anthems were sung on the day of the inauguration. One was sung by the whites and the other by the blacks.
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Which does he think is natural, to love or to hate?


To him, love comes more naturally to the human heart than hate.
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What does courage mean to Mandela?


Mandela learned courage does not mean the absence of fear but a victory over fear. According to him, brave men need not be fearless but they should be able to conquer fear.
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What do the military generals do? How has their attitude changed, and why?


The highest military generals of the South African defence force and police saluted Mandela and pledged their loyalty. Their attitude towards blacks had taken great change. Instead of arresting a black they saluted him. 
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